Lesson 15: Ir (to go) + Examples

Ir (to go)
Yo voy	I go/I am going
Tú vas	You go/ You are going
él va	He goes/ He is going
Ella va	She goes/ She is going
Vd. va	You go/ You are going (Sglr)
Nosotros vamos	We go/ We are going
Vosotros vais	You go/ You are going
Ellos van	They go / They are going
Ellas van	They go / They are going
Vds. van	They go / They are going

Examples

Have you seen John today?	Ha visto Vd. hoy Juan?
Are you looking for your brother?	Busca Vd. su hermano?
I am listening to the birds, their voices are very tuneful.	Yo escucho los pajaros, sus voces son muy melodiosas.

Past tense and Present Perfect Tense used alternatively in Spanish.

When did you see soldiers? (When have you seen the soldiers?)

Cuando ha visto Vd. los soldados?

What did you say to the lawyer?	Qué ha dicho Vd. al abogado?
Today I have worked much but I am not tired.	Hoy yo he trabajado mucho, pero yo no estoy cansado.
Where is the general? He is working in the garden.	Donde está el general? él está trabajando en el jardin.
She is writing to her cousin.	Ella está escribiendo a su primo.
The bird is singing in the garden.	El pájaro está cantando en el jardin.
How many workmen did you see in the fields?	A cuántos obreros ha visto ha visto Vd. en los campos.
The pupils are in the school, listening to the professor.	Los alumnos están  en la escuela, escuchando al professor.

Lesson 14: Translation Examples

The generals have missed the train.	Los generals han perdido el tren.
Have you seen to the soldiers who have arrived from Madrid? (Have seen you)	Ha visto Vd. a lost soldados que ha llegado de Madrid
I have sold my books and I have enough money to buy two bottles of wine.	Yo he vendido mis libros y yo tengo bastante dinero para comprar doce botellas de vino.
I have enough money to travel to Madrid	Yo tengo bastante dinero para viajar a Madrid.
The woman has sent a letter to her son, who has a house in Madrid, with two rooms.	La mujer ha mandado una carta a su hijo, que tiene una casa en Madrid, con doce habitaciónes.

I look/ I am looking is one and the same as far as translation is concerned.

I am looking for the newspaper, which John has lost.

Yo busco el periodic, que ha perdido Juan.

Have you bought the watches? (Have bought you)	Ha comprador Vd. los relojes?
Have they not sold their cars? (Not have sold they)	No ha vendido ellos sus autómoviles?
The man wishes to call to his wife.	El hombre quiere llemar a su mujer. (la mujer de él)
Have you seen to the uncle of the doctor? (Have seen you)	Ha visto vd. al tío del medico?
Have you enough money in your pocket to buy apples?	Tiene Vd. bastante dinero en sus bolsillo para comprar manzanas.

Lesson 8: Personal Pronouns and their usage

	Masculine		Feminine
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
My	Mi	Mis	Mi	Mis
They (your)	Tu	Tus	Tu	Tus
His/her/its/their/your	Su	Sus	Su	Sus (de Vd. = your)
Our	Nuestro	Nuestros	Nuestra	Nuestras
Your	Vuestro	Vuestros	Vuestra	Vuestras

 

Examples

My friend and his wife will take the train immediately	Mi amigo y su mujer tomarán el tren luego
The kings have their palaces, we have our houses	El reyes tienen sus palacios, nosotros tenemos nuestras casas
I will speak to my husband and to his friends	Yo hablaré a mi marido (esposo) y a sus amigos
I will buy your house, it has seven rooms	Yo compraré la casa de Vd., tiene seita habitaciones
We shall arrive at Madrid in our car	Nosotros llegaremos a Madrid en nuestro automóvil
My grandfather takes a cup of coffee with his wife	Mi abuelo toma taza de café con su mujer
Your friend has a house with eight rooms	El amigo Vd. de tiene una casa con ocho habitaciones
We shall buy a house in the centre of the city where there is a square	Nosotros compraremos una casa en el centro de la ciudad, donde hay una plaza
They are twelve houses in the street	Hay doce casas en la calle
They have two motor cars	Vosotros tienen dos automóviles
The doctor has six horses	El medico tiene seis caballos
Have you wine in your bottle?	Tiene Vd. vino en su botella?
She will buy some apples	Ella compara unas manzanas
When will you take your hat?	Cuando tomara Vd. su sombrero?

Lesson 7: Some examples

Luego	Shortly/Immediately
Bottela	Bottle
Habitación	Room
Vino	Wine
Café	Coffee (M)
Estación	Station
Llegar	To arrive
Con	With
De	Of/From
A	To/At
En	In
Plaza	Square
Taza	Cup
Hay	There is/There are
Hoy	Today
Comprar	To buy

 

We shall buy the house in the sky	Nosotros compraremos la casa en la ciudad
We buy the house	Nosotros compramos la casa
I will speak to the friend and the girlfriend	Yo hablaré al amigo y la amiga
I will take the train immediately	Yo tomaré el tren luego
We shall arrive at Madrid today	Nosotros llegaremos a Madrid hoy

 

Lesson 6: Verb ending in ar/er/ir and their usage

Tomar (to take)

Present Tense		Future Tense
Yo tomO	I take/I am taking	Yo tomarÉ	I will take
Tú tomAS	You take/You are taking	Tú tomaráS	You will take
Él tomA	He takes/He is taking	Él tomará	He will take
Ella tomA	She takes/She is taking	Ella tomará	She will take
Vd. TomA	You take/You are taking	Vd. tomará	You will take
Nosotros tomAMOS	We take/We are taking	Nosotros tomarEMOS	We will take
Vosotros tomáIS	You take/You are taking	Vosotros tomarÉIS	You will take
Ellos tomAN	They take/They are taking (M. Plr.)	Ellos tomaráN	They will take(M. Plr.)
Ellas tomAN	They take/They are taking (F. Plr.)	Ellas tomaráN	They will take (F. Plr.)
Vds. tomAN	You take/You are taking (Plr.)	Vds. tomaráN	You will take(Plr.)

Present participle = tomando (taking)
Past participle = tomado (taken)
Yo he tomado (I have taken)

Comer (to eat)

Present Tense		Future Tense
Yo comO	I eat/I am eating	Yo comerÉ	I will eat
Tú comES	You eat/You are eating	Tú comeráS	You will eat
Él comE	He eat/He is eating	Él comerá	He will eat
Ella comE	She eat/She is eating	Ella comerá	She will eat
Vd. come	You eat/You are eating	Vd. comerá	You will eat
Nosotros comEMOS	We eat/We are eating	Nosotros comerEMOS	We will eat
Vosotros comÉIS	You eat/You are eating	Vosotros comerÉIS	You will eat
Ellos comEN	They eat/They are eating (M. Plr.)	Ellos comeráN	They will eat(M. Plr.)
Ellas comEN	They eat/They are eating (F. Plr.)	Ellas comeráN	They will eat(F. Plr.)
Vds. comEN	You eat/You are eating (Plr.)	Vds. comeráN	You will eat(Plr.)

Present participle = comiendo (eating)
Past participle = comido (eaten)

Vivir (to live)

Present Tense		Future Tense
Yo vivO	I live/I am living	Yo vivirÉ	I will live
Tú vivES	You live/You are living	Tú viviráS	You will live
Él vivE	He live/He is living	Él vivirá	He will live
Ella vivE	She live/She is living	Ella vivirá	She will live
Vd. vive	You live/You are living	Vd. vivirá	You will live
Nosotros vivIMOS	We live/We are living	Nosotros vivirEMOS	We will live
Vosotros vivíS	You live/You are living	Vosotros vivirÉIS	You will live
Ellos vivEN	They live/They are living (M. Plr.)	Ellos viviráN	They will live(M. Plr.)
Ellas vivEN	They live/They are living (F. Plr.)	Ellas viviráN	They will live(F. Plr.)
Vds. vivEN	You live/You are living (Plr.)	Vds. viviráN	You will live(Plr.

Present participle = viviendo (living)
Past participle = vivido (lived)
Yo estoy viviendo (I am living) Yo he vivido (I have lived)

 

Lesson 5: Forms of “to have”

Tener (to have) for possession (I have a house)

Singular	Plural
	Male	Female
Yo tengo (I have)	Nosotros tenemos (we have)	Nosotras tenemos (we have)
Tú tienes (you have)	Vosotros tenéis (you have)	Vosotras tenéis (you have)
él tiene  (he has)	Ellos tienen (they have)
Ella tiene (she has)		Ellas tienen (they have)
Vd./usted tiene(You have) (respectfully)	Vds. tienen (you have)

Present participle = teniendo      Past participle = tenido

Haber (to have) for compound verb (I have purchased a watch)

Singular	Plural
	Male	Female
Yo he (I have)	Nosotros hemos (we have)	Nosotras hemos (we have)
Tú has (you have)	Vosotros habéis (you have)	Vosotras habéis (you have)
él ha  (he has)	Ellos han (they have)
Ella ha (she has)		Ellas han (they have)
Vd./usted ha(You have) (respectfully)	Vds. han (you have)

Present participle = habiendo     Past participle = habido

Possession Examples

The house has a door	La casa tiene una puerta
I have a house	You tengo un caballo
The boy has a book	El muchacho tiene un libro
They have a book	Ellos tienen un libro
They do not have a book	Ellos no tienen un libro
Have you a house? (Plural)	Tenéis vosotros un caballo?

Lesson 4: Personal pronoun and Forms of “to be”

Personal pronoun and Forms of “to be”

Singular	Plural
	Male	Female
Yo (I)	Nostotros (we)	Nosotras (we)
Tú (you)	Vosotros (you)	Vosotras (you)
él (he)	Ellos (they)
Ella (she)		Ellas (they)

Vuestra merced: your grace or your honor
Short form: Vd. Or usted

Forms of “to be”

Estar (to be) for temporary conditions

Singular	Plural
	Male	Female
Yo estoy (I am)	Nosotros estamos (we are)	Nosotras estamos (we are)
Tú estás (you are)	Vosotros estáis (you are)	Vosotras estáis (you are)
él está (he is)	Ellos están (they are)
Ellas está (she is)		Ellas están (they are)
Vd. Está (You are: respectfully)	Vds. Están

 

SER (to be) for permanent conditions

Singular	Plural
	Male	Female
Yo soy (I am)	Nosotros somos (we are)	Nosotras somos (we are)
Tú eres (you are)	Vosotros sois (you are)	Vosotras sois (you are)
él es  (he is)	Ellos son (they are)
Ellas es (she is)		Ellas son (they are)
Vd. Es (You are: respectfully)	Vds. Son

 

Examples
La botella esta vacía: The bottle is empty
La botella es de vidrio: The bottle is of glass
él es medico: He is doctor
El médico está aqui: The doctor is here
Ali: Here
Aquí: There

Lesson 3: Feminine and Masculine Nouns

Nouns ending in a/d/ion/z are feminine

Nouns ending in o/or/al/ador are masculine

El muchacho The boy El amigo The friend El libro The book El soldado The soldier El palacio the soldier El rey The king

La muchacha The girl la amiga The girl-friend La mesa The table Una mazana An apple La casa The house La puerta The door La ciudad The city

Plural of Nouns
1. Nouns ending in vowels are formed plural by adding ‘s’
El palacio: los palacios

2. Nouns ending in consonants and ‘y’ are formed by adding ‘es’
La ciudad: las ciudades

3. Nouns ending in ‘z’ are formed plural by changing ‘z’ to ‘ces’
El lapis: los lapices (the pencils)
La voz: laz voces (the voices)

Strong and Weak Vowels
a/o/e are strong vowels
i/u are weak vowels

Accented words
Lápiz: acute accent: laapiz (pencil)
Mañana: tilde accent: manyana (tomorrow)
El Niño (the child)

Lesson 2: Articles (the, a, an)

Here comes the first difference between English and Spanish. In English articles does not vary with gender. In Spanish they do vary.

Definite article (The)

THE
Singular	Plural
Masculine
el	los
The man: el hombre	The men: los hombres
Feminine
la	las
The woman: la mujer	The women: las mujeres

We see here that articles change with masculine and feminine, singular and plural.
THE is signified by el, los, la, las in the above example.

Indefinite article (A, An)

A
Singular	Plural
Masculine
Uno	Unos
a man: un hombre	some men: unos hombres
Feminine
Una	Unas
a woman: una mujer	some women: unas mujeres

 

Derivations

a: to/at	A + el hombre	To the man	Al hombre
De: of/from	De + el hombre	Of the man	Del hombre

In is written as en in spanish.

Lesson 1: Don’t Reason, Go with it

i: ivory, international

w: wind, wine

e: edward, equation

Listen to the pronunciation of words. Observe how the i changes from ivory (aaaeee) to international (e), w changes from wind (v) to wine (y), e changes from Edward (ei) to equation (e).

Best is not to reason why’s of it. Try and get accustomed to the fact. Fact being that when alphabets combine, different pronunciations ought to arise.